韩国语概况
1.韩文字母
“Hangul”是指韩国人使用的文字,1443年由朝鲜王朝第4代世宗大王创作的。韩文有24个字母,其中10个是母音,其余的14个是子音。
母音:?9?3[a] ?9?5[ya] ?9?7[eo] ?9?9[yeo] ?9?1[o] ?9?5[yo] ?9?6[u] ?9?0[yu] ?9?1[eu] ?9?3[i]
子音:?9?3[giyeok] ?9?6[nieun] ?9?9[digeut] ?9?1[rieul] ?9?9[mieum] ?9?0[bieup] ?9?3[siot] ?9?5[ieung] ?9?6[jieut] ?9?8[chieut] ?9?9[kieuk] ?9?0[tieut] ?9?1[pieup] ?9?2[hieut]
韩国语与中国语一样,子音和母音配合而成1个字。韩文的写法是从左到右、从上而下写。
例子)
9?2+?9?3+?9?6=?6?3 [h]+[a]+[n]=[Han] 9?3+?9?6+?9?3=?7?0 [g]+[u]+[k]=[Guk] 6?3?7?0=[Han guk]本教材,按照韩国教育部制定的韩文罗马字母发音原则来标记。基本发音是以韩国语标准发音为准。
2.复合母音和复合子音
复合母音是由2个以上母音结合而成的母音
例子)
9?4[ae] ?9?6[yae] ?9?8[e] ?9?0[ye] ?9?2[wa] ?9?3[wae] ?9?4[oe] ?9?7[wo] ?9?8[we] ?9?9[wi] ?9?2[ui] 9?3+?9?4=?7?3 [g]+[ae]=[gae]复合子音是由2个子音结合而成的子音
例子)
9?4[ssang kiyeok] ?9?0[ssang digeut] ?9?1[ssang bieup] ?9?4[ssang siot] ?9?7[ssang jieut] 9?0+?9?3=?9?7 [tt]+[i]=[tti]3. 尾 音
韩国语的每一个字,子音可放在母音的前面和后面.
包括复合子音在内的19个子音都可放在母音的前面,但?9?0、?9?1、?9?73个子音不可放在母音的后面.
放在母音的后面而要发音的子音叫‘尾音’.
19个子音当中,除了?9?0、?9?1、?9?7 3个子音之外的16个子音都可当尾音,
但它们的发音只有?9?5、?9?9、?9?6、?9?1、?9?0、?9?9、?9?36个子音的发音.
4. 念一念
1) 母音
9?3[a] ?9?5[ya] ?9?7[eo] ?9?9[yeo] 9?1[o] ?9?5[yo] ?9?6[u] ?9?0[yu] 9?1[eu] ?9?3[i]例子)
2?3?3?3[ai] ?2?3?3?7[au] ?2?9?3?9[yayu] ?2?1?3?9[yeoyu] 2?7?3?3[oi] ?3?7?3?9[uyu] ?3?3?3?9[iyu]2)子音
9?3[giyeok] ?9?6[nieun] ?9?9[digeut] ?9?1[rieul] 9?9[mieum] ?9?0[bieup] ?9?3[siot] ?9?5[ieung] 9?6[jieut] ?9?8[chieut] ?9?9[kieuk] ?9?0[tieut] 9?1[pieup] ?9?2[hieut]例子 ?9?3:
7?7?8?5[geogi] ?7?9?7?5[goga] ?7?9?8?5[gogi] ?2?3?7?5[aga] 2?3?8?5[agi] ?2?9?7?9[yagu] ?2?1?8?5[yeogi] ?3?3?2?9?8?5[iyagi]例子 ?9?6:
8?1[na] ?8?3[neo] ?8?1?3?3[nai] ?8?5?7?9[nugu] 8?5?8?1[nuna] ?2?5?8?5[eoneu] ?8?5?8?5?3?3[nunu-i]例子 ?9?9:
5?3?9?9[tada] ?0?7?9?3[modu] ?9?3?0?9[duru] ?2?5?9?9[eodi] 3?5?9?9[juda] ?9?3?9?9?2?5[deudieo]例子 ?9?1:
0?3?0?5[miri] ?7?9?7?9?0?3[goguryeo] ?9?9?0?5[dari] ?2?7?0?5[ori] 3?9?0?5[yori] ?3?7?0?5[uri] ?8?7?0?7?0?3[kkureomi]例子 ?9?9:
8?1?0?7[namu] ?0?5?0?9[meoru] ?0?5?0?5[meori] ?0?3?0?9[maru] 2?5?0?5?9?1[eomeoni]例子 ?9?0:
1?1?8?9[binyeo] ?9?3?1?5[dubu] ?0?1?9?9[bada] ?0?1?1?5[babo] 1?5?2?1[bosu] ?1?5?1?5[bubu] ?0?1?8?1?8?1[banana]例子 ?9?3:
7?1?2?1[gyosu] ?2?1?0?5[sori] ?1?7?3?1[saja] ?1?9?0?5[seori] 2?1?2?1[susu] ?2?1?2?1?0?9[seuseuro] ?2?1?2?7?0?9[susiro]例子 ?9?6:
3?1?2?1[jasu] ?0?1?3?1[baji] ?3?3?8?5[jeogi] ?3?5?0?1[joryu] 3?5?0?5?9?1[jumeoni] ?2?3?0?3?3?1[abeoji]例子 ?9?8:
4?7?4?7[chacha] ?4?1?2?1[chusu] ?4?7?3?5[chijeu] ?4?9?0?3[cheoma] 3?5?4?7[jucha] ?0?3?4?9[micheo]例子 ?9?9:
5?5?9?9?0?5[kidari] ?4?9?4?9?2?3[kokoa] ?5?9?0?5?2?1?0?3?2?1[keuriseumaseu] ?4?3?9?9[kyeoda] 5?9?9?9[keuda] ?4?7?3?1?9?9[keojida]例子 ?9?0:
5?3?3?5[tajo] ?9?3?5?7?0?5[dotori] ?5?3?2?1[tasu] ?5?7?3?1[tuji] 0?3?5?5[beoteo] ?5?7?0?3?5?7[tomato]例子 ?9?2:
6?9?0?9[haru] ?6?1?2?1?2?3?1?1[heosuabi] ?6?5?3?1[hyuji] ?6?3?0?9?9?5?8?5[horuragi] 6?5?7?5[hyuga] ?6?1?0?5[heori]3) 韩国文字的基本结
7?5[ga] ?7?1[gya] ?7?7[geo] ?7?3[gyeo] 7?9[go] ?7?1[gyo] ?7?9[gu] ?8?1[gyu] 8?9[geu] ?8?5[gi] ?8?1[na] ?8?7[nya] 8?3[neo] ?8?9[nyeo] ?8?5[no] ?8?7[nyo] 8?5[nu] ?8?7[nyu] ?8?5[neu] ?9?1[ni] 9?9[da] ?9?5[dya] ?9?1[deo] ?9?7[dyeo] 9?3[do] ?9?5[dyo] ?9?3[du] ?9?5[dyu] 9?3[deu] ?9?9[di] ?9?5[ra] ?0?1[rya] 0?7[reo] ?0?3[ryeo] ?0?9[ro] ?0?1[ryo] 0?9[ru] ?0?1[ryu] ?0?9[reu] ?0?5[ri] 0?3[ma] ?0?9[mya] ?0?5[meo] ?0?1[myeo] 0?7[mo] ?0?9[myo] ?0?7[mu] ?0?9[myu] 0?7[meu] ?0?3[mi] ?0?1[ba] ?0?7[bya] 0?3[beo] ?1?9[byeo] ?1?5[bo] ?1?7[byo] 1?5[bu] ?1?7[byu] ?1?5[beu] ?1?1[bi] 1?7[sa] ?1?3[sya] ?1?9[seo] ?1?5[syeo] 2?1[so] ?2?3[syo] ?2?1[su] ?2?3[syu] 2?1[seu] ?2?7[si] ?2?3[a] ?2?9[ya] 2?5[eo] ?2?1[yeo] ?2?7[o] ?3?9[yo] 3?7[u] ?3?9[yu] ?3?7[eu] ?3?3[i] 3?1 [ja] ?3?7[jya] ?3?3[jeo] ?3?9[jyeo] 3?5[jo] ?3?7[jyo] ?3?5[ju] ?3?7[jyu] 3?5[jeu] ?3?1[ji] ?4?7[cha] ?4?3[chya] 4?9[cheo] ?4?5[chyeo] ?4?1[cho] ?4?3[chyo] 4?1[chu] ?4?3[chyu] ?4?1[cheu] ?4?7[chi] 4?5[ka] ?4?1[kya] ?4?7[keo] ?4?3[kyeo] 4?9[ko] ?4?1[kyo] ?4?9[ku] ?5?1[kyu] 5?9[keu] ?5?5[ki] ?5?3[ta] ?5?9[tya] 5?5[teo] ?5?1[tyeo] ?5?7[to] ?5?9[tyo] 5?7[tu] ?5?9[tyu] ?5?7[teu] ?5?3[ti] 5?1[pa] ?5?7[pya] ?5?3[peo] ?5?9[pyeo] 5?5[po] ?5?7[pyo] ?5?5[pu] ?5?7[pyu] 5?5[peu] ?6?1[pi] ?6?9[ha] ?6?5[hya] 6?1[heo] ?6?7[hyeo] ?6?3[ho] ?6?5[hyo] 6?3[hu] ?6?5[hyu] ?6?3[heu] ?6?9[hi]4) 韩国文字的基本结
9?4[ae] ?9?6[yae] ?9?8[e] ?9?0[ye] 9?2[wa] ?9?3[wae] ?9?4[oe] ?9?7[wo] 9?8[we] ?9?9[wi] ?9?2[ui] ..例子) ?9?4:
2?1[ae] ?7?3[gae] ?0?9[bae] ?1?5[sae] 6?7[hae] ?7?3?0?3[gaemi] ?8?5?9?3[norae] ?2?9?4?5[yachae] 3?1?3?7?7?3[jiugae] .. .. ..例子) ?9?6:
2?7[yae] ?7?9[gyae] ?2?7?8?5[yaegi] ..例子) ?9?8:
2?3[e] ?8?1[ne] ?7?5?7?5[gage] ?2?1?1?7?0?3[susemi] 3?1?1?1[jebi] ?0?3?2?3?0?5[meari] ?5?3?3?3?5?5[teipeu] ..例子) ?9?0:
2?9[ye] ?5?7[pye] ?1?7?7?1[segye] ?2?7?7?1[sigye] 5?7?6?9[pyeha] .. .. ..例子) ?9?2:
2?5?9?5[wara] ?3?3?3?7[jwau] ?4?7?7?7[chikkwa] ?7?7?3?1[gwaja] 2?1?4?5?6?1[suchaehwa] ?7?1?7?7?1?9[gyokkwaseo] .. ..例子) ?9?3:
2?3[wae] ?9?9?3?1[dwaeji] ?4?5?3?9[kwaeyu] ..例子) ?9?4:
8?9[noe] ?3?1?1?5[oebu] ?6?7?7?1[hoegye] ?2?5?7?9?8?5[soegogi] 3?1?7?1[oegyo] .. .. ..例子) ?9?7:
9?1?3?5?3?9[deowoyo] ?7?9?0?3?3?5?3?9[gomawoyo] ?4?1?3?5?3?9[chuwoyo] ?0?5[mwo]例子) ?9?8:
7?5?9?3[gwedo] ?3?3?3?3?5?5[weiteo] .. ..例子) ?9?9:
3?1[wi] ?1?7?0?3?7?3[samagwi] ?4?5?0?3[chwimi] ?9?7[dwi] 3?9[jwi] ?2?5?9?9[swida] .. ..例子) ?9?2:
3?5?0?3[uimi] ?3?5?1?7[uisa] ?3?5?0?5[uiri] ?3?5?3?1[uiji] 3?5?3?5[ju-ui] ?6?7?3?5[hoe-ui] .. ..5) Double Vowels
9?4[ssang kiyeok] ?9?0[ssang digeut] ?9?1[ssang bieup] ?9?4[ssang siot] 9?7[ssang jieut]例子)
8?3[kka] ?8?9[kkya] ?8?5[kkeo] ?8?1[kkyeo] 8?7[kko] ?8?9[kkyo] ?8?7[kku] ?8?9[kkyu] 8?7[kkeu] ?8?3[kki] 9?7[tta] ?9?3[ttya] ?9?9[tteo] ?9?5[ttyeo] 9?1[tto] ?9?3[tty] ?9?1[ttu] ?9?3[ttyu] 9?1[tteu] ?9?7[tti] 1?9[ppa] ?1?5[ppya] ?1?1[ppeo] ?1?7[ppyeo] 1?3[ppo] ?1?5[ppyo] ?1?3[ppu] ?1?5[ppyu] 1?3[ppeu] ?1?9[ppi] 2?5[ssa] ?2?1[ssya] ?2?7[sseo] ?2?3[ssyeo] 2?9[sso] ?2?1[ssyo] ?2?9[ssu] ?2?1[ssyu] 2?9[sseu] ?2?5[ssi] 3?9[jja] ?3?5[jjya] ?3?1[jjeo] ?3?7[jjyeo] 3?3[jjo] ?3?5[jjy] ?3?3[jju] ?4?5[jjyu] 4?3[jjeu] ?4?9[jji]例子) ?9?4:
8?3?0?3?7?3[kkamagwi] ?8?7?9?9[kkeuda] ?3?5?8?3[jokki] ?8?7?0?5[kkori] 8?7?0?7?8?5[kkureogi]例子) ?9?0:
9?7?0?9?9?9[ttareuda] ?6?1?0?5?9?7[heoritti] ?9?1[tto] ?9?1?9?9[tteuda] 1?7?9?1[satto]例子) ?9?1:
1?3?0?5[ppuri] ?1?1?8?7?8?5[ppeokkugi] ?1?9?9?9[ppida] ?2?3?1?9[appa] 1?3?1?3[ppoppo]例子) ?9?4:
2?5?9?9[ssada] ?2?5?3?7?9?9[ssauda] ?2?9?9?9[sseuda] ?3?3?2?9?2?7?7?3[issusiga] 2?3?3?3?2?5[ajeossi]例子) ?9?7:
3?9?9?9[jjada] ?0?3?4?9[beojji] ?4?9?8?5?8?5[jjikkeogi] ?3?9?0?5[jjari]6) Final Consonant ?0?8?4?3 ?0?9?3?3
[k] ?9?3,?9?9,?9?4
[n] ?9?6
[t] ?9?9, ?9?3, ?9?4, ?9?6, ?9?8, ?9?0, ?9?2
[l] ?9?1
[m] ?9?9
[p] ?9?0, ?9?1
[o] ?9?5
Ex) ?9?3:
7?0?2?8[gokssik] ?8?3?2?7[nakssi] ?1?5?2?9[bueok] ?0?3[bak] 7?5?8?0[gageuk] ?0?3?2?2[miyeok] ?3?1?4?2[jichuk] ?9?4[duk] 1?0?2?8[seoksik] ?2?8[ok] .. ..Ex) ?9?6:
1?1[san] ?8?9[non] ?8?9[nun] ?9?7[don] 0?3?7?1[migwan] ?3?7?2?1?3?5[jeonsinju] ?4?1?7?9[chin-gu] ?2?9?9?1[eonni] 3?5?3?5[jinju] ?2?7?9?7[andae] .. ..Ex) ?9?9:
0?4[meot] ?7?6[got] ?8?0[nat] ?8?4[nat] 0?6[bat] ?2?6[ot] ?2?0[yeot] ?8?0[kkot] 1?2?0?1[satppa] ?6?7?9?9[haetta] ?9?6?2?1?0?5[datssori] ..Ex) ?9?1:
9?7[dal] ?8?3[gil] ?0?3?3?5[maeul] ?2?5?2?5[yeonsil] 1?9?3?5[seoul] ?1?3[bul] ?7?3?3?5[gae-ul] ?3?3?3?5[jeo-ul] 1?1?0?1[bimil] .. .. ..Ex) ?9?9:
0?3[mom] ?2?7[sum] ?8?1?4?7[gimchi] ?7?1[gam] 3?9?2?3[jeomsim] ?1?7?9?1[saram] ?3?3?0?5[ireum] ?1?5[seom] 0?3?3?3[maeum] .. .. ..Ex) ?9?0:
3?0[ip] ?2?9[ap] ?2?7[yeop] ?2?7[sup] 4?4[keop] ?0?8[bap] ?2?3?6?0[ahop] ?3?1?7?6[ilgop] 2?1?9?9[eoptta] ?2?2?9?9[eoptta] .. ..Ex) ?9?5:
1?7?9?6[sarang] ?7?6[gang] ?1?0[ppang] ?3?9?0?4[yuryeong] 8?0?0?5[naengmyeon] ?1?0[seong] ?7?6?8?2?4?0[gangnangkong] ?6?8[hyeong] 2?1?2?2[suyeong] .. .. .. 3?3?3?6?0?8?4?3 ?9?4 ?8?5?5?3 ?0?8?4?3?3?5 ?0?9?3?3?2?9: 2?8?9?9[antta] ?0?0[mok] ?0?2?9?9[maktta] ?6?2[heuk] 3?2?9?9[iktta] ?2?1?9?2[yeodeolp] ?8?4?9?9[neolptta] ?0?2?9?9[baptta] 6?2?9?9[haltta] ?3?1?9?9[euptta] ?7?3[gap] ?2?3?9?9[eoptta] 1?7?9?9[samtta] .. .. ..5.尊敬语
韩国语是尊敬语发达的语言。 按照进行对话的状况和对方年龄、地位,表现不同。
比如说,“快点来”这句话,韩国人可以说出以下4种不同的表现:
1. ?2?5?1?9?2?7?2?4?2?7?2?7.
2. ?2?5?1?9 ?2?7?1?7?3?9.
3. ?2?5?1?9 ?2?5?3?9.
4. ?2?5?1?9 ?2?5.
尊敬语的语尾包括-?9?0/?2?8?9?1?9?9. ?2?3/?2?5/?2?1?3?9.
例子)
?3?2?9?9(原形) ?3?2 + ?2?8?9?1?9?9. ?3?2?2?8?9?1?9?9.(尊敬语)
?7?5?9?9(原形) ?7?5 + ?9?0?9?1?9?9. ?7?2?9?1?9?9.(尊敬语)
?1?5?9?9(原形) ?1?5 + ?2?3?3?9 ?1?5?2?3?3?9.(尊敬语)
?7?5?9?9(原形) ?7?5 + ?2?3?3?9 (?9?3 + ?9?3 = ?9?3) ?7?5?3?9.(尊敬语)
?6?9?9?9 (原形) ?6?9 + ?2?1?3?9 (?6?9 + ?9?9 = ?6?7) ?6?7?3?9.(尊敬语)
6.助词
3?3/?7?5 位于每句话主语后面,也就是说这一助词前面的名词、代词、数词应该是那句话的主语。 3?5/?0?7 位于每句话宾语后面,也就是说这一助词前面的名词和代词应该是那句话的宾语。例子)
4?7?2?1?7?5 ?7?0?3?5 ?4?5?2?5?3?9.(哲洙打球.) 4?7?2?1?0?7 ?7?0?3?3 ?4?5?2?5?3?9.(球打哲洙.)'?2?3' '?2?3?1?9' 位于名词的后面。但这一名词应该是指方向或目的地的名词。 '?2?3' '?2?3?1?9' 相当于现代汉语里的‘到’或‘在’。
例子)
1?9?3?5?2?3 ?7?5?3?9. (到首尔去.) 6?0?7?1?2?3?1?9 ?7?0?1?5?6?7?3?9. (在学校学习。) 0?9/?3?7?0?9 位于名词后面。这一助词表示道具或方法。例子)
5?2?2?7?0?9 ?7?5?3?9. (坐出租汽车去。)7. 肯定与否定
韩国语的句子语尾为 ?3?3?9?9 ,那么那句话是肯定的。
句子语尾为(?3?3/?7?5) ?2?3?9?1?9?9 ,那么那句话是否定的。
例子)
8?9?8?9 ?6?3?7?0 ?1?7?9?1?3?3?9?9.(他是韩国人)/ ?8?9?8?9 ?6?3?7?0 ?1?7?9?1?3?3 ?2?3?9?1?9?9.(他不是韩国人) 3?3?9?9/?2?3?9?9 (有、在;没有、不在)例子)
8?9?8?9 ?6?3?7?0 ?4?1?7?9?7?5 ?3?3?9?9.(他有韩国朋友。)/ ?8?9?8?9 ?6?3?7?0 ?4?1?7?9?7?5 ?2?3?9?9.(他没有韩国朋友。) 2?7(?0?3) 8?9?8?9 ?8?1?4?7?0?7 ?0?6?8?9?9?9.(他吃韩国泡菜。)/ ?8?9?8?9 ?8?1?4?7?0?7 ?2?7 ?0?6?8?9?9?9.(他不吃韩国泡菜。)例子)
8?1?4?7?0?7 ?0?6?8?9?9?9. (I eat Gimchi.) / ?8?1?4?7?0?7 ?2?7 ?0?6?8?9?9?9. (I don't eat Gimchi.)8. 时态
韩国语时态,基本上分为过去、现在及将来3种时态。
在现在时态句子的谓语里加上-?2?3/?2?5/?2?1,就变成过去时态句子。
例子)
?7?0?1?5?6?9?9?9. ?7?0?1?5?6?9 + ?2?1 + ?9?9. ?7?0?1?5?6?9?2?1?9?9(?7?0?1?5?6?7?9?9.) I study. I studied.
?1?5?9?9. ?1?5 + ?2?3 + ?9?9. ?1?5?2?3?9?9. I live. I lived.
?0?6?9?9. ?0?6 + ?2?5 + ?9?9. ?0?6?2?5?9?9. I eat. I ate.
在现在时态句子的谓语里加上-?7?5/-(?3?7)?9?1 ?7?7,就变成未来时态句子。
例子)
?7?5?9?9. ?7?5 + ?7?5 + ?9?9. ?7?5?7?5?9?9. I go. I will go.
?7?5?9?9. ?7?5 + ?9?1 ?7?6 + ?3?3 + ?9?9. ?7?3 ?7?6?3?3?9?9. I go. I will go.
?7?5?9?9. ?7?5 + ?9?1 ?7?7 + ?9?9. ?7?3?7?7?9?9. I go. I will go.