您好,您的前半段理解是对的,as is known to all 的确是由 as 引导的定语从句,但还原原句应该是:
Fish can't live without water, as/which is known to all.
这里是(非限制性定语从句),而 as/which 替代这个句子作主语,所以 as/which 是不可省略的。假如 as/which 省略了,变成您写的模式,句子就变成了断句了,因为:
Fish can't live without water is known to all. 这一句的主语是 fish,但有两个动词,一个是 can't live,一个是 is,两个动词之间没有任何的连词,就变成了断句了,所以需要使用逗号,变成了非限制性定语从句。
As is known to all, fish can't live without water. 其实 as 本身并不是(关系代词),因为关系代词只有5个。假如您查考牛津词典,as 这个单词本身的词性只有:介词、连词、副词,但没有(代词)这个词性的,也就不是(关系代词)了。所以语法书基本上都把 as is known to all 划入到(固定结构)中了。
Fish can't live without water, which is know to all.(这个应该是按照现代语法完整的原句)。但当非限制性定语从句提到句首时,是无法用 which 引导的,所以把 which 改成了 as,也就是把 as 的(连词)词性视为(关系代词)赋予 as 有 which 的功能。这个是现代语法的解释。as 在比如和 such,the same 连用时,也是(连词)词性视为(关系代词),比如:He is such a man as I honor. 所以查考语法书时,您会发现,语法书通常使用(视为)关系代词,而不会直接说 as 就是(关系代词)的一个原因了。
类似于这样的(固定结构)还有比如:
as is said above
as is often the case
as is reported
as has been pointed out
as has been said