有「葡萄牙的李维」之称的史学家若昂·德·巴罗斯(Jo?odeBarros)在1563年的里斯本出版了《亚洲旬年史之三(TerceiraDécadasda?sia)》,其第二卷第七章首次在西方介绍了「长城」的存在,但还没有与「伟大」等词直接关联在一起:Estemurovemlan?adoemhumacartadeGeographiadetodaaquellaterra,feitapelosmesmosChijs,ondevemsiduadostodolosMontes,Rios,Cidades,Villas,comseusnomesescritosnaletradelles,aqualmandámosvirdelácomChijperaainterpretaodella,edealgunslivrosseus,quetambemhouvemos...Eoquesobreissonosdavamaentendereran?oserpertodocontinuado,sómentehaverentreosChijs,eosTátashumacordadeserrasmuiasperas,eemalgunspassosestavaestemurofeito;masagoraqueperellesovimospintado,fez-nosgrandeadmirao.此城,由前述中国人绘于中国全图之上,是图以汉字名山川、城邑,均由彼译出,并与它书并带至此(即里斯本)......关于此城,略有耳闻,向以为并非连续,然而竟是横亘于汉人、鞑靼人土地之间,依山而建之通路,且据此图,亦是完全连续的,实使人大为惊奇。西班牙传教士胡安·冈萨雷斯·德·门多萨(JuanGonzálezdeMendoza)1585年出版了西班牙文的《大中华帝国史(Historiadelascosasmásnotables,ritosycostumbresdelgranreynodelaChina)》。此书随后被陆续译为拉丁文、意大利文、法文、英文与德文,在西欧广为流传,影响甚大。下文引自该书1588年英译本的第二卷第一章,拼写与如今已略有出入。英语中第一次用「greatwall」来称呼长城,应该就是1588年了:ThelastkingofthelynageofthiswoorthieVitey,wascalledTzintzon:thisdidmakethemightieandgreatwallaforesaide.FindinghimselfetobegreatlytroubledwiththekingofTartarie,whodidmakewarrevpponhiminmanyplacesofhiskingdom,hedidordainethemakingthereof,andforthefurnishingofthesame,hedidtakethethirdmanofthecountrietotheworke;andforthatmaniepeoplediddieinthistediousworke,byreasontheywentsofarrefromtheirownehouses,andindiuersclimescleanecontrarievntothatwhereastheywerebredandborne:itgrewthatthekingwashatedandabhorredofallpeople,insuchsortthattheydidconspirehisdeath,whichineffecttheydidaccomplishandslewhim,afterhehadreignedfortieyeares:andalsohissonneandheyre,whowascalledAguizi.黄帝(Vitey)世系之末帝,名唤嬴政(Tzintzon),乃营造前述壮观长城者也。盖鞑主于其疆多有滋扰,遂令营之,乃役黔首其五之三以为徭力。民人背井离乡,不习水土,多有劳死,于帝日有怨怼,乃谋革命,卌年竟功成,其子二世(Aguizi)亦被诛。伏尔泰1764年出版的《哲学词典(Dictionnairephilosophique)》「古人与今人」词条提到「LagrandemurailledelaChine」,说明「长城」与「伟大」挂钩,在西方语言专名翻译中基本定型:LesChinois,plusdedeuxcentsansavantnotreèrevulgaire,construisirentcettegrandemuraillequin’apulessauverdel’invasiondesTartares...LagrandemurailledelaChineestunmonumentdelacrainte;lespyramidessontdesmonumentsdelavanitéetdelasuperstition.Lesunesetlesautresattestentunegrandepatiencedanslespeuples,maisaucungéniesupérieur.中国人于主前二百年,即筑此长城,然终不能阻鞑靼入侵......中国万里长城为畏惧之碑,埃及金字塔实虚妄之识。此类仅证其民怀极大之忍耐,非有卓越之才。乾隆五十九年访华的著名的英国使团正使马戛尔尼伯爵在其1793年9月5日的私人日志中提到「theGreatWall」,说明英语中「theGreatWallofChina」已经成为「长城」广为流传的固定名称:AfterbreakfastwesetoutfromCou-pe-kiouinordertovisitthiscelebratedwallwhichwehadheardsuchwondersof,andafterpassingthroughtheoutermostgateontheTartarside,webeganourperegrinationonfoot,therebeingnoothermethodofapproach...IftheotherpartsofthewallbesimilartothosewhichIhaveseen,itiscertainlythemoststupendousworkofhumanhands,forIimaginethatiftheoutlineofallthemasonryofallthefortsandfortifiedplacesinthewholeworldbesidesweretobecalculated,itwouldfallconsiderablyshortofthatoftheGreatWallofChina.朝食迄,发古北口以观长城,此城久负盛名,界汉鞑之地。过关门,地既崎岖,唯徒步就之......若此城全部于吾今所见之一部相近,则吾可断言举世著名之工程虽尽合一处,亦绝难与此中国万里长城之工相敌。显示全部