1. 翻译：该学院撰写了一份报告，揭示了关于构成锅炉的水、水蒸气及各种金属之间如何相互作用的重大发现，报告中还包括强烈推荐为制造、维护及检测锅炉制定标准。
这句话中，前半句 the institute produced a report that revealed major discoveries about how water and steam and the various metals that boilers were made of interacted里，the institute produced a report是主句， that 作为引导词引导的定语从句修饰report，在定语从句that revealed major discoveries about how water and steam and the various metals that boilers were made of interacted中，that是主语，revealed是谓语，major discoveries是宾语，about是定语修饰discoveries，about后面那个句子比较复杂，that boilers were made of是water and steam and the various metals 的定语，意思是：构成锅炉的水、水蒸气及各种金属，假如把这个定语去掉就很容易理解了： how water and steam and the various metals interacted，水、水蒸气及各种金属是如何相互作用的。
后半句就比较容易理解了，the report included strong recommendations 是主句，for setting standards 是定语修饰recommendations，而for manufacturing, maintaining, and inspecting boilers是定语修饰standards，意思是：制造、维护及检测锅炉的标准。
2. 第一个词应该是the而不是he吧？
翻译：1965年和1977年的灯火管制揭示了全世界基础电网设施不堪负荷而崩溃，并且导致了那些系统的改革和减负，从那以后（这些改革和减负）阻止了如此严重的事态发生。
这句话中，主句是：The great blackouts revealed collapsing and led to reforms and redundancies.其中revealed 和led to 并列成为The great blackouts的谓语。 in those systems 是 reforms and redundancies 的定语，that have prevented anything so crippling from happening since这个that 引导的定语从句修饰reforms and redundancies ：reforms and redundancies have prevented anything so crippling from happening（这些改革和减负阻止了如此严重的事情发生）。
3. 翻译：尽管保证轮船的安全本身就是个巨大的成就，但这次行动的意义远远不止这些。
这句话中，理解了让步状语从句中that 和itself的指代，就不难理解整个句子的含义了。that 和itself都是指make steamboat safe这件事。